Current Situation In Figures Related To Bovines And Ovines, And Milk Production; Türkiye - Izmir
Introduction
Throughout the history, foods of animal origin have been of vital importance in meeting our nutritional needs. Cultivation of the land following the abandonment of nomadic life and transition to permanent settlement has had a positive impact on the development of animal husbandry. Animal husbandry has constituted the means of living for a significant part of the population with the importance it gained through the emergence of commercial life due to permanent settlement. Milk sector has also developed in parallel with the development of husbandry sector and paved the way for the inception of the production of dairy products.
Just like in the rest of the world, the demand for animal products also increases in our country in parallel to the boost in population today. While the meat, milk and eggs are irreplaceable sources of nutrition for the society to keep an adequate and balanced diet, many by-products such as hides and skins, wool, intestines etc. obtained from the animal production constitute unrivalled sources of raw material for many main and supporting industries such as food, textile, medical and cosmetics industries.
Moreover, when the initial stages of development of the developed countries are examined, it can be easily seen that the primary driving force of these countries in the path going towards development is not the industry and services sectors, but the agriculture and animal husbandry sectors. The main reason for this is the fact that the raw materials necessary for the production of goods and services with high added-value are obtained from the agriculture and animal husbandry sectors.
Current Situation
Number of animals has also increased in our country just like in the rest of the world due mainly to the increase in population. According to the data provided by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for 2013, there are 1,5 billion bovines and 2 billion ovine animals around the world, and the total milk production has reached 768 million tonnes.
Today, 41%, 30%, 19% and 7,4% of all bovine animals are located in Asia, the Americas, Africa and Europe, respectively. As for the distribution of ovine animals on continents, the figures reveal that 50,6% of all ovine animals is in Asia while the other 31% is in Africa. Of the remaining sum, 6,8% is located in Europe while the remaining 5,7% is in America. 38%, 28% and 24% of the total amount of milk collected come from Asia, Europe and the Americas, respectively. The below table shows the total number of bovine and ovine animals in our country and the province of İzmir, and reflects the developments in milk production.
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Table 1: Number of Bovine Animals in Türkiye (Head) |
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Year/Animal Breed |
Cattle (Culture) |
Cattle (Cross-breed) |
Cattle (Domestic) |
Buffalo |
Total |
|
2009 |
3.723.583 |
4.406.041 |
2.594.334 |
87.207 |
10.811.165 |
|
2010 |
4.197.890 |
4.707.188 |
2.464.722 |
84.726 |
11.454.526 |
|
2011 |
4.836.547 |
5.120.621 |
2.429.169 |
97.632 |
12.483.969 |
|
2012 |
5.679.484 |
5.776.028 |
2.459.400 |
107.435 |
14.022.347 |
|
2013 |
5.954.333 |
6.112.437 |
2.348.487 |
117.591 |
14.532.848 |
|
2014 |
6.139.810 |
6.005.089 |
1.977.948 |
121.829 |
14.244.676 |
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Source: TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), 2015 |
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According to the data by Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK), the number of bovines has increased by 3,4 million in 2014 compared to 2009. However, imports play a significant role in this increase. Türkiye imports mainly from the United States and Australia. Nonetheless, the number of domestic cattle has decreased by about 600 thousand in the last six years as can be seen from the Table.
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Table 2: Number of Bovine Animals in İzmir (Head) |
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Year/Animal Breed |
Cattle (Culture) |
Cattle (Cross-breed) |
Cattle (Domestic) |
Buffalo |
Total |
|
2009 |
269.541 |
83.348 |
15.406 |
77 |
368.372 |
|
2010 |
280.491 |
97.540 |
20.487 |
69 |
398.587 |
|
2011 |
309.078 |
102.684 |
21.267 |
88 |
433.117 |
|
2012 |
344.503 |
108.293 |
21.082 |
60 |
473.938 |
|
2013 |
363.901 |
107.323 |
21.024 |
69 |
492.317 |
|
2014 |
424.945 |
110.380 |
20.590 |
66 |
555.981 |
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Source: TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), 2015 |
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The number of bovines has also increased in İzmir and the highest increase has been seen in domestic cattle in parallel with the increase all around the country. It is seen that the annual average number of bovines is around 500 thousand in İzmir.
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Table 3: Number of Ovine Animals in Türkiye (Head) |
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Year/Animal Breed |
Goat (Ordinary) |
Goat (Angora) |
Sheep (Domestic) |
Sheep (Merino) |
Total |
|
2009 |
4.981.299 |
146.986 |
20.721.925 |
1.027.583 |
26.877.793 |
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2010 |
6.140.627 |
152.606 |
22.003.299 |
1.086.392 |
29.382.924 |
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2011 |
7.126.862 |
151.091 |
23.811.036 |
1.220.529 |
32.309.518 |
|
2012 |
8.199.184 |
158.102 |
25.892.582 |
1.532.651 |
35.782.519 |
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2013 |
9.059.259 |
166.289 |
27.485.166 |
1.799.081 |
38.509.795 |
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2014 |
10.169.348 |
177.811 |
29.011.546 |
2.103.644 |
41.462.349 |
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Source: TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), 2015 |
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The increase in the number of ovine animals is higher compared with the increase in the number of bovines in our country. The number of ovines that was 27 million in 2009 has increased by 14,4 million and reached 41,4 million today. As can be seen from Table 3, the number of ovines is the highest for domestic sheep, which reached 29 million in 2014.
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Table 4: Number of Ovine Animals in İzmir (Head) |
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Year/Animal Breed |
Goat (Ordinary) |
Goat (Angora) |
Sheep (Domestic) |
Sheep (Merino) |
Total |
|
2009 |
141.579 |
4.241 |
370.125 |
3.600 |
519.545 |
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2010 |
161.843 |
2.605 |
378.627 |
3.465 |
546.540 |
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2011 |
162.906 |
2.244 |
412.071 |
3.200 |
580.421 |
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2012 |
183.664 |
2.063 |
479.444 |
3.125 |
668.296 |
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2013 |
221.071 |
2.294 |
510.968 |
3.075 |
737.408 |
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2014 |
234.967 |
867 |
547.344 |
3.620 |
786.798 |
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Source: TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), 2015 |
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The increase in the number of ovine animals in İzmir is in parallel with the increase within the country. When the data in Table 4 are analysed, it is understood that goat breeding is of vital importance in animal husbandry in İzmir. Moreover, a significant decrease can be seen in the number of Angora goats from the figures in the table.
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Table 5: Bovine Milk Production in Türkiye (Ton) |
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Year/Animal Breed |
Cattle (Culture) |
Cattle (Cross-breed) |
Cattle (Domestic) |
Buffalo |
Total |
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2009 |
5.713.004 |
4.585.859 |
1.284.450 |
32.443 |
11.615.756 |
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2010 |
6.309.065 |
4.861.835 |
1.247.644 |
35.487 |
12.454.031 |
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2011 |
7.239.644 |
5.341.224 |
1.221.560 |
40.372 |
13.842.800 |
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2012 |
8.554.402 |
6.166.762 |
1.256.673 |
46.989 |
16.024.826 |
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2013 |
8.946.131 |
6.531.573 |
1.177.305 |
51.947 |
16.706.956 |
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2014 |
9.383.812 |
6.628.337 |
986.701 |
54.803 |
17.053.653 |
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Source: TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), 2015 |
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18,5 million tonnes of milk was produced in our country in 2014 as can be understood from Table 5 and 7. 91% of the total amount of milk produced has been collected from bovine animals. While the cattle occupy an important place in bovine milk production, sheep and goats are of vital importance in ovine milk production.
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Table 6: Bovine Milk Production in İzmir (Ton) |
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Year/Animal Breed |
Cattle (Culture) |
Cattle (Cross-breed) |
Cattle (Domestic) |
Buffalo |
Total |
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2009 |
470.507 |
92.076 |
5.481 |
33 |
568.097 |
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2010 |
465.217 |
107.643 |
8.555 |
30 |
581.445 |
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2011 |
502.381 |
115.476 |
9.210 |
35 |
627.102 |
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2012 |
571.768 |
118.143 |
9.138 |
24 |
699.073 |
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2013 |
604.069 |
113.567 |
9.048 |
27 |
726.711 |
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2014 |
716.489 |
117.808 |
9.029 |
26 |
843.352 |
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Source: TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), 2015 |
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İzmir is an important city in terms of milk production. Around 5% of total milk production in Türkiye is met by İzmir.
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Table 7: Ovine Milk Production in Türkiye (Ton) |
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Year/Animal Breed |
Goat (Ordinary) |
Goat (Angora) |
Sheep (Domestic) |
Sheep (Merino) |
Total |
|
2009 |
190.286 |
1.924 |
712.784 |
21.435 |
926.429 |
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2010 |
270.476 |
2.335 |
792.122 |
24.710 |
1.089.643 |
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2011 |
318.273 |
2.315 |
865.577 |
27.245 |
1.213.410 |
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2012 |
367.208 |
2.221 |
973.619 |
33.388 |
1.376.436 |
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2013 |
413.444 |
2.299 |
1.062.274 |
38.739 |
1.516.756 |
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2014 |
460.518 |
2.752 |
1.069.441 |
44.496 |
1.577.207 |
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Source: TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), 2015 |
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Compared to the bovine husbandry, the ovine husbandry sector has a larger market share both within our country and İzmir. Accordingly, the number of ovine animals in our country is higher compared to Western countries.
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Table 8: Ovine Milk Production in İzmir (Ton) |
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Year/Animal Breed |
Goat (Ordinary) |
Goat (Angora) |
Sheep (Domestic) |
Sheep (Merino) |
Total |
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2009 |
4.492 |
23 |
11.850 |
75 |
16.440 |
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2010 |
5.655 |
17 |
12.738 |
74 |
18.484 |
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2011 |
5.874 |
15 |
14.409 |
68 |
20.366 |
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2012 |
6.422 |
14 |
17.293 |
67 |
23.796 |
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2013 |
7.771 |
15 |
17.919 |
66 |
25.771 |
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2014 |
8.784 |
7 |
19.650 |
72 |
28.513 |
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Source: TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), 2015 |
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The graphs below indicate the comparison of the number of bovine and ovine animals and milk production of İzmir with that of Türkiye.
As can be understood from the graphs, İzmir constitutes around 4% of the total number of animals and about 5% of the milk production in Türkiye.
Conclusion
Animal husbandry and milk sectors in both our country and İzmir are among the indispensable sectors in terms of the economy itself and meeting the nutritional needs of the people. In addition to making significant contributions to the economy of the country and the province of İzmir with the added value they create, these sectors contribute also greatly to the adequate and balanced nutrition of the population of the province. However, some major problems are experienced in the production and marketing phases in the animal husbandry and, in parallel, milk sector as is the case for the agriculture sector. Of these problems, the major ones can be summarized as follows:
-Just like in every other production line, input costs are also quite high in animal husbandry and these costs increase day by day. High input costs are directly reflected on meat as well as milk prices.
-The work and studies carried out in order to ensure animal health and welfare, control animal movements and prevent problems regarding hygiene and quality do not go beyond the legislation prepared in this respect.
-One of the major and most important setbacks of the animal husbandry sector in Türkiye is no doubt the inadequacy of genetic material production and breeding animals as well as of the breeding activities intended to improve the yield level per animal. Both meat and milk yield per animal in our country is lower compared to many countries.
-The insufficiency of organization and coordination, and administrative problems are among the leading obstacles choking the development of the sector as is the case for many different areas of business.
